THE EFFECT
OF USING THE TRAINCHINESE DICTIONARY ON THE LEARNING OUTCOMES OF CHINESE
STUDENTS IN CLASS X IN HIGH SCHOOL
|
Abstract Understanding Chinese is not just about the spoken
word, but also the written word. Chinese has thousands of strokes that need
to be understood, one of the oldest being the 汉字 (h�nzi)
strokes. In the scope of education, teaching 汉字 (h�nzi)
strokes and Chinese sentence construction is a challenge. The reason is that
students have not found it easy to learn the material. The results of Chinese
汉字 (h�nzi)
strokes and sentence construction are the variables to be tested. Using a
quantitative approach with an experimental nonequivalent
control group design, this study involved 45 students who were divided into
experimental and control groups. The results showed a significant improvement
in the learning outcomes of the experimental group after being assisted with
the Trainchinese digital dictionary. Keywords: Digital Dictionary, China
Trains, Mandarin, Sentence, Scars |
INTRODUCTION
China's economic
improvement shows positive development and strengthens (Andika & Aisyah, 2017). This phenomenon has an impact on bilateral relations between China and
Indonesia, especially on increasing employment. One of the mandatory
requirements for labor absorption is mastery of
Mandarin. This is in line with the function of language as a means of
communication and as a medium for establishing cooperation between countries (Raharja, 2023). Therefore, good language skills are needed both orally and in writing
in order to organize ideas systematically (Umami et al., 2022).
Seeing the great
potential related to labor absorption in China, the need for workers with
Chinese language skills is also getting bigger. As a form of support, the
Government provides alternative solutions by offering Chinese language learning
in schools. This has been regulated by the government through the Regulation of
the Minister of Education and Culture No. 36 of 2018 concerning the 2013
curriculum for Senior High Schools or Madrasah Aliyah which contains foreign
language learning, one of which is Mandarin. Mandarin has become an additional
subject at various levels of Indonesian education units. Mandarin is present as
a compulsory, cross-interest, and extracurricular subject in schools (Lianawati,
2011). In reality, there are still
problems in the Chinese learning process. One of the problems that often arises
is that students still have difficulty in the stroke material 汉字 (h�nzi)
and sentence construction in Chinese.
Based on
observations that have been carried out at SMA Selamat Pagi Indonesia on
January 11, 2022, several information was found that can support research.
First, the high school has made good use of technology in Chinese language
learning. This is supported by schools that allow the use of smartphones during
learning. Second, in the process of learning Chinese, students find it
difficult to write strokes 汉字 (h�nzi)
and construct sentences. This problem arises because learning aids have not
been used optimally. Some applications are also often used such as google
translate, but in practice google translate has not been able to fully help
students to understand the writing of strokes 汉字 (h�nzi)
or sentence construction. Reflecting on these conditions, it is necessary to
use media or learning support tools that can help students in an effort to
understand the learning material being taught, this will certainly have a good
effect on achieving learning objectives optimally (Nurrita,
2018).
Currently, the use
of technology is growing very rapidly, it has even penetrated the world of
education. On the one hand, Chinese language learning has also taken advantage
of technological advances (Wijayati
et al., 2013). The advantage of using
technology is the ease and speed of accessing learning materials. One of the
many types of supporting media for Chinese language learning that can be used
to help students is a digital dictionary. Digital dictionaries are technological
devices in the form of dictionaries with more complex features than
conventional dictionaries (Klein
& Planck, 2015). Basically, digital
dictionaries are divided into three types, the first is online digital
dictionaries that must be connected to the internet, offline digital
dictionaries that can be accessed without the internet, and digital
dictionaries in the form of e-books (Agussalim
et al., 2019). This dictionary has various
advantages such as being easier to use, practical, and efficient (Widyaningsih,
2019; Winardi & Siddik, 2020). Digital dictionaries are also
an effective and optimal medium in helping students improve language skills and
student achievement (Elyana
& Chaprin, 2018; FATIMAH, 2018). �
Today's digital
dictionaries have been widely developed, not only English dictionaries but also
Chinese. Some of these digital dictionaries can be used to aid learning. One of
the Chinese digital dictionaries that can be used is the Trainchinese
digital dictionary. Trainchinese is a digital
dictionary application that provides various features such as how to write
strokes 汉字 (h�nzi),
pronunciation of Chinese vocabulary, and also various examples of using words
in correct sentence patterns (Olmanson
& Liu, 2017). Trainchinese
users will be facilitated because this application is an offline digital
dictionary that can be accessed even without internet. The Trainchinese
application is also equipped with additional features such as game features and
writing exercises that provide opportunities for students to do various types
of Chinese questions (Wang
& Leland, 2012).
The use of the Trainchinese digital dictionary in this study was based on
students' needs in understanding 汉字 (h�nzi)
strokes and Chinese sentence construction. Based on the urgency in learning,
this study is considered important to be carried out, considering to determine
the effect of using the Trainchinese digital
dictionary in improving the results of 汉字 (h�nzi)
strokes and Chinese sentence preparation for high school students. This study
will compare how the ability of the group of students who use the Trainchinese digital dictionary in learning with the group
of students who do not use the dictionary. Furthermore, it will examine the
effect of using the Trainchinese digital dictionary
for Chinese language learning for students.
METHOD�� RESEARCH
The method
in this study is a nonequivalent control group design experiment by dividing
the research subjects into two groups, namely, the experimental group and the
control group with a quantitative approach. This study conducted two types of
treatment, namely the experimental group that received treatment using the Trainchinese digital dictionary in Chinese language
learning, and the control group that received learning treatment as a
comparison group, there was a different treatment, namely the use of google
translate. Both groups of experimental subjects had equal Chinese language
skills, especially in terms of stroke writing 汉字 (h�nzi) and phrasing.
Learning treatment is carried out for 5 face-to-face meetings for each class.
Chinese
character 汉字 (h�nzi)�� (h�nzi)� as an
independent variable, strokes 汉字 (h�nzi) and Chinese
sentence structuring as a dependent variable. The measurement instrument uses
test questions to test the stroke results 汉字 (h�nzi) and the results of
validated sentence building using Gregory's validity formula. The data obtained
is then analyzed again using normality tests, homogeneity tests, and hypothesis
tests with the help of data processing software, namely SPSS. Here is Gregory's
validity formula;
Remarks: A: If the two subject
matter experts disagree
����������� ��
B: If subject matter expert 1 agrees and material expert 2 disagrees
����������� ��
C: If subject matter expert 1 disagrees and material expert 2 agrees
����������� ��
D: If both subject matter experts agree
(Bailey et al., 2015)
RESULT
AND DISCUSSION
The question
validation process needs to be carried out by expert validators before testing
students. The validation results of the 汉字 (h�nzi) stroke question and the sentence
construction that have been analyzed obtained 0.93
and 1 respectively which indicate that both types of questions are relevant and
very valid. Furthermore, the research process was carried out for 5 times termasuk didalamnya terdapat kegiatan. The question
validation process needs to be carried out by expert validators before testing students.
The validation results of the Chinese character (h�nzi)
stroke question and the sentence construction that have been analyzed obtained 0.93 and 1 respectively which indicate
that both types of questions are relevant and very valid. Furthermore, the
research process was carried out for 5 times termasuk
didalamnya terdapat kegiatan Chinese character (h�nzi)
Stroke material� 汉字
(h�nzi) Chinese character. Stroke material 汉字 (h�nzi) In the experimental group it was 44.78
while the control group got an average value of 45.00. Further, the average of
the grades (h�nzi) in the experimental group was
44.78 while the control group got an average score of 45.00. Further, the
average of the grades��
The first
treatment carried out is to provide various Chinese vocabulary to students with
the theme of desire, liking, and will. Then students were divided into four
study groups to carry out discussions related to various information about the
vocabulary provided. The experimental group learners used the Trainchinese digital dictionary, while the control group
only used google translate. Based on this treatment, the discussion process in
the experimental group was helped a lot so that the learning process became morelively. This is because in learning students are helped
a lot by the use of the Trainchinese digital
dictionary which provides many example sentences and
how to write strokes 汉字 (h�nzi). Another case in the control group, in
the implementation of Chinese language learning there are still many students
who experience difficulties because the digital dictionary (google translate)
only functions as a translator.
Furthermore, the
second treatment is carried out by doing games. This game is done in groups by
giving cards containing vocabulary strokes 汉字 (h�nzi) 歌, 菜, 茶, 咖啡, and 去. Students are asked to find
information about the strokes and arrange sentences on each vocabulary and
write them on the board. Assessment is based on speed in answering questions
and accuracy in answering. In the experimental group, students in groups searched
for information and examples of words using digital dictionaries Trainchinese, while in the control group, students in
groups searched for information from Google Translate. Based on the second
treatment, it appears that students in the experimental group are faster and
more accurate in answering questions.
In the third
treatment there are differences with previous treatments. The third treatment
is carried out individually in the form of a game. Students are again given
Chinese vocabulary such as 饭, 看, 电视, 书, 音乐, dan 吃. Then learners race to find
information and answer on the board. As in the previous treatment, in the
experimental group the learning atmosphere was more active and students were
more challenged to do the questions. One of the factors is because in learning
they are more helped by the use of digital dictionaries Trainchinese.
Unlike the case with the control group which tends to be passive because it is
still confused and difficult in answering the questions presented.
After conducting
several trials by treating the experimental group and the control group, a posttest was carried out which aimed to measure the level
of understanding of students after being given treatment. There are 20 stroke
questions汉字 (h�nzi)
and 20 problems composing sentences with the subject matter of desire, liking,
will. For stroke questions 汉字 (h�nzi) in the form of essay questions and for
sentence-building questions in the form of multiple choice. The data obtained
show that the average value of the stroke material 汉字 (h�nzi) In the experimental group it was 81.30
while in the control group the average value showed 67.95. Furthermore, in the
Chinese sentence preparation material, the average score of the experimental
group showed 83.69 while in the control group showed an average value of 72.50.
The pretest� and posttest
result data are then� analyzed
again for normality� testing on the data
using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov statistical method, then testing the homogeneity
of the data using the Levene Based on Mean method, and testing paired samples
using� the� paired sample t-test method. The results of
normality and homogeneity testing showed that the data were normally
distributed sig (p>0.05) and homogeneous (p>0.05). Furthermore, the
analysis was carried out using the paired sample t-test method to determine the
difference in the effect of learning Chinese with digital dictionaries on the
two groups. The three data analysis processes are carried out using statistical
data processing software, namely SPSS. The results of the normality test,
homogeneity test, and paired test are presented respectively in the table below.
Figure 1.
Results of the Normality Test of Learning Outcomes Data Stroke汉字 (h�nzi) and Composing
Sentences
Based on table 1
significance values (p-value) In the data of learning outcomes of strokes 汉字 (h�nzi)
and composing sentences is more than 0.5, the research data is stated to have a
normal distribution.
Figure 2. Test Results of homogeneity of Learning Outcome
Data Stroke汉字 (h�nzi) and Composing Sentences
Based on table 2, the significance value
(p-value) in the learning outcomes data of stroke汉字 (h�nzi) and composing
sentences is more than 0.5. This shows that the research data is expressed
homogeneously distributed.
Figure 3 Paired Sample t-test Learning Outcomes Strokes 汉字 (h�nzi) Control Group
The paired sample t-test results in the
control group showed that there was a significant increase in learning outcomes
of 汉字 (h�nzi)
strokes greater than 0.05 without any treatment in using the Trainchinese digital dictionary
Figure 4. Paired Sample
t-test Learning Outcomes Strokes 汉字 (h�nzi)
Experimental Group
The results of the analysis showed that the
experimental group had a calculated t value of 20.722 with a significance of
0.00. It can be seen that there was a significant improvement in the learning
outcomes of experimental group students related to the stroke 汉字 (h�nzi) after being treated
using the Trainchinese digital dictionary.
The results of the analysis showed that the experimental
group had a calculated t value of 20.722 with a significance of 0.00. It can be
seen that there was a significant improvement in the learning outcomes of
experimental group students related to the stroke 汉字 (h�nzi) after being treated
using the Trainchinese digital dictionary.
Figure 5. Paired Sample t-test Learning Results Composing
Sentences Experimental Gro
The results of the paired sample t-test
calculation of the t-value of 22.026 and the significance value of 0.000,
showed a significance value of less than 0.05, so there was a significant
increase in the learning outcomes of composing sentences in the experimental
group after being treated using the Trainchinese
digital dictionary.
Figure 6. Independent Sample t-test Learning Outcomes
Strokes 汉字 (h�nzi) Before Treatment
Figure 7 Independent Sample t-test Learning
Results Strokes 汉字 (h�nzi) After Treatment
The results of these calculations, the
calculated t value of 4.220 and the significance value of 0.000, with a
significance value of less than 0.05, it shows that there is a very significant
difference in the learning outcomes of 汉字 (h�nzi) strokes after
treatment between the two groups of research subjects.
Figure 8 Independent Sample t-test Learning Outcomes
Composing sentences Before Treatment
The results of the calculation above
obtained a calculated t value of 0.012 and a significance value of 0.990, the
data showed no significant difference in learning outcomes before treatment was
given between the two groups of research subjects.
Table 9. Independent Sample t-test Learning Results
Composing Sentences After Treatment
The results of these calculations showed
that the calculated t value was 5.313 and the significance value was 0.000,
this showed a significant difference in the learning outcomes of composing
sentences after being treated in the experimental group using the Trainchinese digital dictionary.
Communication of a language is not only
through oral, but also through writing, this also applies to Chinese. One of
the oldest characters that is often used is the script with the stroke 汉字 (h�nzi). The writing of
these strokes also has rules, one of which is the number of strokes. The excess
or lack of the number of strokes 汉字 (h�nzi) will affect the
intended meaning. Therefore, students' knowledge of how to write hanzi汉字
(h�nzi) will affect the correctness of writing
(Supriadi, 2018: 40). After conducting research with various treatments, it was
shown that the group of learners who made use of the Trainchinese
digital dictionary had a deeper understanding of writing strokes 汉字 (h�nzi). For example, 汉字 (h�nz�) '了' has two
strokes. Before using the Trainchinese digital
dictionary students have an understanding of 汉字 (h�nz�) '了' is one
stroke because 汉字 (h�nz�) looks one step only, but is actually two steps. If
it is only one stroke, then the writing will not form 汉字 (h�nz�) '了 '. 汉字 (h�nz�) in question is not
conveyed because it has no meaning. After learning with the help of the Trainchinese digital dictionary, students can see through
the writing feature 汉字 (h�nz�) as much as 20汉字 (h�nz�) according to the
material taught.
Based on the results of the learning that
has been carried out, the experimental group has a significance value of less
than 0.05. This shows that the use of the Trainchinese
digital dictionary can improve the learning outcomes of 汉字 (h�nzi) strokes in
students. During the learning process, students feel the ease of learning
because it is more helpful in understanding 汉字 (h�nzi) strokes using the Trainchinese digital dictionary. Previously, students felt
less helped by using the Google Translate dictionary, because the features
offered were limited to translation, there was no feature on how to write
strokes 汉字 (h�nzi) or games to train skills. This phenomenon is in line
with research conducted by Olmanson & Liu,
2017; Wang & Leland, (2012) which states that the Trainchinese
digital dictionary has a feature on how�
to write 汉字 (h�nzi)� so that it
helps learners know the steps to write� 汉字 (h�nzi� ) and the number of strokes 汉字 (h�nzi).
The use of a learning medium will not be
useful if it technically does not meet the criteria needed by students in
learning. Reflecting on these conditions, then to reach the level of usefulness
of a dictionary. need several technical criteria that must be met . In this study before carrying out the learning process
using the Trainchinese digital dictionary, students
are first asked to understand the technical use and recognize various features
that can be utilized in the Chinese learning process. This aims to help
students in an effort to maximize the learning process so that the objectives
in learning can be achieved optimally.
In addition to writing strokes 汉字 (h�nzi), the arrangement of
sentences in Chinese is also important because it will affect the meaning of
the sentences composed. In line with Odinye & Odinye, (2021) which states that composing sentences using the
correct sentence pattern will help the speaker convey the meaning of the
sentence correctly and help the listener to understand the meaning of the
sentence conveyed. After the study, the learning outcomes of Hoe & Lim, (2010) students, especially the experimental group in
composing sentences, showed a significant increase of less than 0.05 after
utilizing the Trainchinese digital dictionary. In
composing a sentence, students feel very facilitated and helped by the
existence of a Trainchinese digital dictionary.
Moreover, this digital dictionary can be accessed offline without the need for
an internet network so that it can facilitate students in learning (Darmawan et al., 2017).
One other thing that is an advantage of
this Trainchinese digital dictionary is related to
writing accuracy and good sentence patterns. Unlike the case with the Google
Translate dictionary which often occurs errors in Chinese sentence patterns.
This can happen because the google translate dictionary only interprets
according to vocabulary, so the sentence pattern follows the initial sentence.
In line with this statement, there is a study conducted by Handayani &
Ekantari, (2019) which states that the circulating dictionaries cannot
guarantee the quality in it. Therefore, the use of Trainchinese
digital dictionaries can help improve understanding and experience in learning
Chinese to be further improved, especially in 汉字 (h�nzi) stroke material and
sentence preparation in Chinese
CONCLUSION
Communication of a language is not only
through oral, but also through writing, this also applies to Chinese. One of
the oldest characters that is often used is the script with the stroke 汉字 (h�nzi). The writing of
these strokes also has rules, one of which is the number of strokes. The excess
or lack of the number of strokes 汉字 (h�nzi) will affect the
intended meaning. Therefore, students' knowledge of how to write hanzi汉字
(h�nzi) will affect the correctness of writing (Supriadi, 2018). After conducting research with various treatments,
it was shown that the group of learners who made use of the Trainchinese
digital dictionary had a deeper understanding of writing strokes 汉字 (h�nzi). For example, 汉字 (h�nz�) '了' has two
strokes. Before using the Trainchinese digital
dictionary students have an understanding of 汉字 (h�nz�) '了' is one
stroke because 汉字 (h�nz�)
looks one step only, but is actually two steps. If it is only one stroke, then
the writing will not form 汉字 (h�nz�) '了 '. 汉字 (h�nz�) in question is not
conveyed because it has no meaning. After learning with the help of the Trainchinese digital dictionary, students can see through
the writing feature 汉字 (h�nz�) as much as 20汉字 (h�nz�) according to the
material taught.
Based on the results of the learning that
has been carried out, the experimental group has a significance value of less
than 0.05. This shows that the use of the Trainchinese
digital dictionary can improve the learning outcomes of 汉字 (h�nzi) strokes in
students. During the learning process, students feel the ease of learning
because it is more helpful in understanding 汉字 (h�nzi) strokes using the Trainchinese digital dictionary. Previously, students felt
less helped by using the Google Translate dictionary, because the features
offered were limited to translation, there was no feature on how to write
strokes 汉字 (h�nzi)
or games to train skills. This phenomenon is in line with research conducted by
Wang & Leland (2012: 155); Olmanson &; Liu (2017: 3) which states that
the Trainchinese digital dictionary has a feature on
how to write 汉字 (h�nzi)� so that it helps learners know the
steps to write� 汉字 (h�nzi) and the number of
strokes 汉字 (h�nzi).
The use of a learning medium will not be
useful if it technically does not meet the criteria needed by students in
learning. Reflecting on these conditions, then to reach the level of usefulness
of a dictionary. need several technical criteria that must be met (Terng &;
Giap, 2010: 1). In this study before carrying out the learning process using
the Trainchinese digital dictionary, students are
first asked to understand the technical use and recognize various features that
can be utilized in the Chinese learning process. This aims to help students in
an effort to maximize the learning process so that the objectives in learning
can be achieved optimally.
In addition to writing strokes 汉字 (h�nzi), the arrangement of
sentences in Chinese is also important because it will affect the meaning of
the sentences composed. After the study, the learning outcomes of students,
especially the experimental group in composing sentences, showed a significant increase
of less than 0.05 after utilizing the Trainchinese
digital dictionary. In composing a sentence, students feel very facilitated and
helped by the existence of a Trainchinese digital
dictionary. One other thing that is an advantage of this Trainchinese
digital dictionary is related to writing accuracy and good sentence patterns.
Unlike the case with the Google Translate dictionary which often occurs errors
in Chinese sentence patterns. This can happen because the google translate
dictionary only interprets according to vocabulary, so the sentence pattern
follows the initial sentence. Therefore, the use of Trainchinese
digital dictionaries can help improve understanding and experience in learning
Chinese to be further improved, especially in 汉字 (h�nzi) stroke material and
sentence preparation in Chinese.
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Copyright
holders:
Edwien Dinda Ayuningtiyas (2023)
First
publication right:
Injurity - Interdiciplinary
Journal and Humanity
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