https://injurity.pusatpublikasi.id/index.php/in
509
QUALITY-BASED PRIVATE MADARASAH ALIYAH EDUCATION
FINANCING MANAGEMENT
Fachmi Farhan, Jaja Jahari, Erni Hayati, Ara Hudayat
Universitas Islam Negeri Sunan Gunung Djati Bandung, West Java, Indonesia
Email: fachm[email protected], Jajajahari@uinsgd.ac.id, erh[email protected], arahidayat@uinsgd.ac.id
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to describe the management of Quality-Based Private Madarasah
Aliyah Education Financing in Private Aliyah Madrasahs throughout the City of Bandung.
Data was collected with a mixed-method approach, starting with the use of quantitative
methods followed by qualitative methods. Quantitative data on the level of use of process skills
by learners were collected using questionnaires. The questionnaire was developed by
modifying the steps of Madaus et al., Claeys et al., and Wheeler, through the stages of literature
review, constructing instruments, establishing content validity by means of expert validation,
and field Other qualitative, obtained through observation, field note taking, field note
categorization, and in-depth interviews. All data were analyzed by explanatory mixed-method
analysis. The results showed that in general it can be concluded that the management of
education financing has an impact or affects the quality of education in the Bandung City
Private Aliyah Madrasah. This means that the quality of education is determined by good and
systematic financing management.
Keywords
:
Financing; Madrasah; Quality; Trials; Qualitative data
INTRODUCTION
Education is an important aspect in the development of a country, because quality
education can improve the quality of human resources (HR), open better job opportunities, and
encourage the economic progress of a country. The process of education in schools / madrasahs
cannot be separated from financing, because all educational activities cannot be separated from
educational supporting tools called educational infrastructure facilities used to improve the
quality of education in schools / madrasahs.
One important part of the quality of education is financing. Financing is sometimes also
the core of every education problem, especially if it is related to education financing in the
private sector which is entirely sourced from public funds even though there is actually
assistance from the government but not too significant (Nafisah et al., 2019).
The concept of financing is part of education management, because the continuity of
education can be held because of the financing that supports the implementation of education
in madrasah. Education and financing cannot be separated, because to manage an education
requires financing and employment in improving the quality of education (Nurodin & Minhajul
K, 2019).
Education financing is one of the standards that can support the achievement of quality
education. In accordance with Government Regulation Number 57 of 2021 concerning
Injuruty: Interdiciplinary Journal and Humanity
Volume 2, Number 6, June 2023
e-ISSN: 2963-4113 and p-ISSN: 2963-3397
Quality-Based Private Madarasah Aliyah Education Financing Management
https://injurity.pusatpublikasi.id/index.php/in
510
National Education Standards (Peraturan pemerintah Nomor 57 Tahun 2021). Without
education financing standards, other standards may not be implemented effectively. Thus, there
is a possibility that the achievement of quality education will be late, even will not work well
(Nurhamzah, 2020).
Based on the author's observations and observations that many private Aliyah Madrasahs
throughout the city of Bandung have problems with financing in order to improve the quality
of education (Observasi, 2022). As revealed by Mrs. Ida that the quality of education and the
quality of Human Resources (HR) in Private Aliyah Madrasah in Bandung city cannot be
compared with other secondary education institutions. This can be seen from the graduates of
Private Aliyah Madrasah education, who continue to the higher education level tend to be few,
while the competence of graduates who have not been honed and are not ready to enter the
world of work, the input of students who enter the Private Aliyah Madrasah in Bandung City
tends to be low from the results of learning scores and middle to lower economic status, so a
better process is needed to produce quality outputs and outcomes, While the existing facilities
and infrastructure are limited (wawancara dengan Ida Siti Chodijah, 2022).
The emergence of the Government Program related to the implementation of the free
school education policy through the BOS program, does not mean that it does not cause
problems with the Government Policy, delays in disbursing funds, every month, causing
problems for madrasahs in spending on goods and services, such as electricity subscriptions,
internet, non-civil servant teacher salaries that cannot be avoided. This raises new problems
related to fund management and ineffective management of BOS funds. On the one hand,
madrassas must be free, on the other hand, sometimes the budget for education fees from the
Government is late, so many madrassas complain about this condition, especially private
madrassas where the majority of teachers are honorary.
To ensure that education takes place on the governance of private Madarash Aliyah
financial planning in the city of Bandung, the head of the madrasah as a manager anticipates
these problems by providing bailouts or loan funds (Observasi, 2022).
The perception in financing at Private Madrasah Alyah in Bandung City, when there is a delay
in payment of honor, in the context of policy will actually bring a solution to the emergence of
a problem, from the problem of late decline in financing funds for Private Madrasah Aliyah
raises a solution that will later lead to a policy, and the policy is used to overcome problems
that arise.
From data obtained from the Ministry of Religious Affairs of Bandung City, researchers
can conclude that almost 89% of teachers in madrasah aliyah sawasta are non-civil servants /
honorary, while 11% are civil servant teachers. The huge disparity between the ratio of the
number of civil servant and non-civil servant teachers is a burden for institutions to provide
non-civil servant / honorary teacher salaries (Data EMIS (Education Manajemen Informasi
Sistem), 2022).
Meanwhile, in the technical guidelines for school operational assistance, the maximum
limit for the use of BOS funds for employee expenditures (salaries for educators and non-civil
servants) is 50% of the total BOS funds received by madrasah in one year (Keputusan Direktur
Jenderal Pendidikan Islam Nomor 6065 Tahun 2021). This can be seen in the following table:
Quality-Based Private Madarasah Aliyah Education Financing Management
https://injurity.pusatpublikasi.id/index.php/in
511
Table.1
Data on Madrasah Aliyah Teachers in Bandung City
No
Institution Name
Sum Of Teachers
SUM
Non PNS
PNS
1.
Madrasah Aliayah Negeri
28
132
160
2.
Private Aliyah Madrasah
296
36
332
Source : data EMIS Madrasah Section of the Ministry of Religion of Bandung City,
February 2022
Meanwhile, the data on students of Madrasah Aliyah Private Bandung City can be seen
in the following table:
Table.2
Madrasah Aliyah Bandung Student Data in 2022
No
Institution Name
Sum Of
Institution
Sum Of Student
Indigent
Students
L
P
JML
1.
Madrasah Aliayah Negeri
2 Lembaga
970
1.430
2.400
502
2.
Madrasah Aliyah Swasta
24 Lembaga
1.710
2.257
3.967
1.728
Source : EMIS Data for Madrasah Section of the Ministry of Religion in Bandung,
February 2022
Seeing the phenomenon of Private Aliyah Madrasahs in the city of Bandung, the
proportion of underprivileged students as much as 44% resulted in the hampering of income
from parents in the form of education contribution funds (DSP), the majority of which are from
a lower-middle class economic background, which also has an impact on the stalled allocation
of costs for programs and activities, so that the head of the madrasah as a manager is required
to create innovation and cooperation with other parties to improving the quality of madrasahs,
the most important thing is how the head of the madrasah can attract the people of the city of
Bandung to send them to private Aliyah Madrasahs, especially the upper middle class in order
to raise the quality of private Aliyah Madrasah education in the city of Bandung.
Based on the above problems, this is very important to be researched and analyzed
regarding education financing management. Therefore, this study aims to know and analyze
how financial planning, management and evaluation in Private Aliyah Madrasah throughout
the City of Bandung and its relationship with improving the quality of education
RESEARCH METHOD
This type of research uses a combination research method (mixed methods research),
which is research based on a combination (Sugiyono, 2017). Mixed method, also called the
mixed research method, is a planned, systematic, structured, and measurable effort to utilize
together two research methods, namely quantitative and qualitative, so as to emphasize the
Quality-Based Private Madarasah Aliyah Education Financing Management
https://injurity.pusatpublikasi.id/index.php/in
512
advantages and minimize the disadvantages of each method.
Mixed Methods Research is also referred to as a methodology by collecting data and
analyzing data with a combination of quantitative research and qualitative research through
several research phases. According to Creswell, combination research is a research approach
that combines quantitative forms and qualitative forms. This approach involves the function of
the two research approaches collectively so that the strength of this research as a whole is
greater than qualitative and quantitative research and more complete than just collecting and
analyzing two types of data. This approach also involves quantitative and qualitative
approaches, philosophical assumptions, and mixing the two approaches in one study and one
time (Nusa Putra & Hendarman, 2013).
This study will examine three core variables, namely the independent variable
consisting of the management of Madarasah Aliyah Private education financing and the
quality of education as a dependent variable.
Based on the exposure of the problem, hypotheses can be formulated as follows:
Ha : There is a relationship between the management of education financing and the quality
of education in Madrasah Aliyah Private Bandung City.
HO : There is no relationship between the management of education financing and the
quality of education in Madrasah Aliyah Private Bandung City.
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Based on the results of research data processing through questionnaires distributed to
respondents in Private Aliyah Madrasahs about education financing management and its
impact on the quality of education in Private Aliyah Madrasahs in Bandung City, it can
generally be concluded that education financing management has an impact or influence on the
quality of education in Private Aliyah Madrasahs throughout the City of Bandung. This means
that the quality of education is determined by good and systematic financing management. In
detail can be formulated several conclusions as follows:
1. Financial Planning in Private Aliyah Madrasah throughout Bandung City and Its
Relationship with Improving the Quality of Education
Education management is one of the concerns in the world of management. Education
management is the process of empowering all components of education to achieve
educational goals. The process of achieving educational goals is carried out through
planning, organizing, mobilizing and supervising. One of the scope of discussion in
education management is education financing management and education quality
management.
Management is an activity that includes planning, organizing, and controlling. While
the understanding of management according to Henry L. Sisk in the book Principles of
Management states the definition of management as follows: "Management is the
coordination of all resources through the processes of planning, organizing, directing, and
controlling in order to attain stated objectives (Rumi et al., 2022). Management is in the
form of coordinating all resources through the process of planning, organizing, mobilizing,
and controlling to achieve goals objectively.
Quality-Based Private Madarasah Aliyah Education Financing Management
https://injurity.pusatpublikasi.id/index.php/in
513
Based on the results of calculations about madrasah planning, the results are
influenced by a calculation of 4.413 which means greater than ttable = 1.653, then the
calculation of the significance value = 0.000 which means smaller than α = 0.05. so that
planning (X1) has a significant influence on the quality of madrasah (Y). Madrasah Aliyah
has implemented the program well by compiling and implementing a financing planning
program well through e-RKAM.
There are several approaches in preparing education financing budget planning,
namely: 1) Traditional approach (line-item/object of expenditure budget). This approach
presents the budget in perspective of the nature of an expenditure or expenditure. This
traditional approach has no benchmarks. 2) Performance approach, i.e. having a process for
classifying budgets based on activities and organizational units without leaving out the
details of spending. Budgets that have been grouped into activities will make it easier for
interested parties to measure performance with indicators that have been made in advance;
3) Zero Based Budgeting (ZBB) approach. The approach requires that any activity or
program that has been carried out in the previous year cannot automatically be continued.
Each activity should be evaluated annually to determine if it will be held this year by looking
at the contribution made to the organization's goals; 4) Planning Programming and
Budgeting System (PPBS) approach. This approach views that budgeting is not a separate
and stand-alone process, but an inseparable part of the process of planning and formulating
activity programs.
The cost of education is the monetary value of educational resources needed to
manage and administer education, therefore to calculate the cost of education must first
identify the needs of educational resources including qualifications or specifications and
amounts, to manage and organize education (Mesiono & Roslaeni, 2021).
Pembiayaan pendidikan sebagaimana disebutkan dalam Peraturan Menteri Agama No
90 Tahun 2013 tentang penyelenggaraan pendidikan madrasah menyatakan bahwa
pembiayaan madrasah bersumber dari pemerintah, pemerintah daerah, penyelenggara
madrasah, masyarakat dan sumber dari manapun yang sah dan tidak melanggar aturan
hukum yang berlaku. Pembiayaan tersebut dipergunakan sebagai biaya investasi, biaya
operasi dan personal yang mengarah pada lembaga pendidikan yang berkualitas (Panuntun,
2018). Financing capacity is one of the key factors for the success of school practices.
Financing model planning must be prepared according to the needs of educational
institutions, so that during the implementation of education the financing management can
easily determine the needs and objectives of education and can carry out an effective
learning process (Mushthofa, A., Munastiwi, E. Dinana, 2022). Education financing
management planning is usually determined after various education support funds have been
included in education. In determining/planning free financing for Education Development
Contributions/SPP after there is a policy of the Central Government to provide BOS (School
Operational Expenses).
Education financing in the context of the education system in Indonesia is a strategic
component that will determine the achievement or failure of the educational goals that have
been set (Musthafa, 2017). In other words, the quality or absence of education practices in
Quality-Based Private Madarasah Aliyah Education Financing Management
https://injurity.pusatpublikasi.id/index.php/in
514
Indonesia is strongly influenced by the education financing component. Financing
Management is a process in optimizing existing sources of funds, allocating available funds
and distributing them as facilities or means of supporting the learning process so as to create
an effective and efficient learning process (Nurhayati et al., 2022).
Therefore, the focus of education financing management is on how existing funding
sources can be managed professionally so as to meet the needs of education delivery. In this
definition there are three keywords in education financing management, namely
optimization of funding sources, allocation and distribution. These three keywords
ultimately become a function of education financing itself. 1) Optimization of sources of
funds The function of financing management is how educational institutions are able to
optimize the sources of education financing obtained. 2) Allocation Allocation in education
financing management is a financial decision process. This is where the education financing
allocation policy is determined. (Policies in determining this allocation must prioritize
priority programs in an educational process. 3) Distribution Distribution is the process of
distributing funds in accordance with a predetermined allocation. In the education financing
management function, it is said that funds (fees) play an important role in education in three
areas; first, the economics of education in relation to the expenditure of society as a whole;
Second, school finances are concerned with school policies to translate money toward
services to learners and third, school business administration taxes that should be organized
are directly related to policy objectives.
2. The Relationship between Financial Management and Improving the Quality of
Madrasah Aliyah Education in Bandung City
Implementation is an action from a plan that has been prepared carefully and in detail,
implementation is carried out after the planning is considered ready. In simple terms, the
implementation of bias is interpreted as application. Implementation according to Terry is
also referred to as an action movement covering activities carried out by leaders to initiate
and continue activities set by planning and organizing elements so that goals are achieved.
Related to education financing, there are 4 (four) models of education financing, namely: 1)
full subsidies from basic to higher education; 2) free education higher education is provided
to learners up to a certain age; 3) free education is provided until high school, and higher
education continues to pay tuition fees even though it still receives subsidies; and 4) all
levels of education are compulsory to support themselves. Extracting sources of funds can
be obtained from collaborative efforts with industry or utilizing CSR (corporate social
responsibility) assistance, forming alumni communities, or sumer from parents/guardians of
students. (Mesiono & Roslaeni, 2021).
Each madrasah has similarities and differences in implementing the quality of
madrasah in accordance with the target of each madrasah to be achieved. The availability
of costs and the ability of the head of madarasah in the procurement of educational facilities
and infrastructure can affect teacher performance and the success of educators and students
in the learning and teaching process (Mesiono*, Suswanto, Rahmat Rifai Lubis, 2021). The
foresight and thoroughness of the head of the madrasah in analyzing the needs with limited
potential of his school will still maintain the quality of education requires appropriate
Quality-Based Private Madarasah Aliyah Education Financing Management
https://injurity.pusatpublikasi.id/index.php/in
515
dicision making.
The implementation of the implementation has a significant effect on the quality of
Private Aliyah Madrasahs. This can be seen from the calculation of tcount of 3.180 which
means greater than ttable = 1.653, then the calculation of the significance value = 0.000
which means smaller than α = 0.05. This shows that the Bandung City Private Aliyah
Madrasah has carried out financing in accordance with the predetermined stages. The
implementation of education financing in the Bandung City Private Aliyah Madrasah has
been running in accordance with procedures and in accordance with applicable standards,
namely referring to e-RKAM.
In the implementation of education financing, strategies need to be developed so that
improving the quality of graduates in Madrasah does not get significant obstacles. This is
done by prioritizing the most effective programs and also considering the available sources
of funds to optimize the use of these funds (Pohan, 2023).
The financial function in most organizations or educational institutions serves as a
support unit. The function of money Or means an intermediary as a supporter The main
activity is the smooth implementation of the implementation of education and the
educational process. This function is not superfluous for everyone, general organizational
and educational activities related to finance (Mushthofa, A., Munastiwi, E. Dinana, 2022).
Financial management becomes very important. The operational costs of the education unit
are as follows: Part of the funding for the required training funds the operation of the
education unit according to standards With national education on a regular basis
consistently. Knowing the very important role of funds in the learning process is very
important for schools to manage their funding well in education. The management of
educational institutions is carried out using a managerial framework exemplified by a series
of activities that include planning, organizing personnel, directing, coordinating and
controlling operational and staff activities
3. The relationship between evaluation and financial accountability with improving the
quality of education for private aliyah madrasah in Bandung City.
Evaluation and accountability of the quality of madrasah, obtained the calculation
result of tcalculate of -1.508 which means smaller than ttable = 1.653, then the calculation
of significance value = 0.133 which means greater than α = 0.05. This shows that evaluation
and accountability do not have a significant effect on the quality of madrasahs. Evaluation
and reporting of accountability is very important, to measure the level of success and convey
accountability of the results of activities that have been carried out as a form of transparent
and accountable education implementation.
From the monitoring and evaluation process carried out internally and externally,
madrasah has a good impact. This is evident from the accreditation value obtained at each
madrasah (Muchtar & Sukardi, 2023). This is evident from the accreditation value obtained
at each madrasah. That from several private Aliyah Madrasahs in the city of Bandung, they
have received good accreditation status.
The implementation of madrasah academic programs is monitored through academic
supervision by the head of the madrasah so that it does not go out of the planned agenda and
Quality-Based Private Madarasah Aliyah Education Financing Management
https://injurity.pusatpublikasi.id/index.php/in
516
according to the quality standards imposed by the madrasah (Maulana et al., 2020). Program
evaluation activities are carried out every 2 weeks by classifying problems that arise and
dichotomizing problems and solving these problems with community members who are
responsible for the process. The reward system as a form of appreciation for outstanding
students and educators is carried out to spur competitive power in the madrasah academic
environment. The punishment system is also implemented in order to provide a deterrent
effect and discipline the performance of educators and the achievements of students.
The supervision strategy of the education quality improvement program is carried out
by the Head of Madrasah on personnel at the beginning and end of the semester, this is done
to determine the level of supervision carried out periodically covering all scopes in the
madrasah and carried out thoroughly (Maulana et al., 2020). With this assessment, schools
will be able to provide for students' needs, determine educational programs that suit their
students and produce graduates who have good knowledge and skills.
Evaluation of existing financing is carried out to determine whether the financing
performance is adequate to support the service delivery strategy including evaluation of
financing performance. Performance financing is reviewed regularly with comparative best
practices to identify underperforming financing that is too costly to own or operate (Nafisah
et al., 2019).
Therefore, the evaluation is carried out by the madrasah involving the madrasah
community, the madrasah treasurer as the technical implementer and also the head of the
madrasah as the holder of the cost management policy decision. Monitoring and evaluation
(Monev) of the utilization of education financing budgets should receive attention and the
main priority to avoid suspicion. Monev is set forth in the form of minutes, reporting and
memorandum of mutual agreement as well as a letter of absolute responsibility signed by
the head of the madrasa. Thus, supervision and implementation of RAPBS are in line so that
education can run effectively and efficiently.
CONCLUSION
Based on the results of the discussion in this study, it can be concluded that: Madrasah
planning, influenced by tcount of 4.413 which means greater than ttable = 1.653, then
calculation of significance value = 0.000 which means smaller than α = 0.05. so that planning
(X1) has a significant influence on the quality of madrasah (Y). Madrasah Aliyah has
implemented the program well by compiling and implementing a financing planning program
well through e-RKAM. The implementation of the implementation has a significant effect on
the quality of Private Aliyah Madrasahs. This can be seen from the calculation of tcount of
3.180 which means greater than ttable = 1.653, then the calculation of the significance value =
0.000 which means smaller than α = 0.05. This shows that the Bandung City Private Aliyah
Madrasah has carried out financing in accordance with the predetermined stages. The
implementation of education financing in the Bandung City Private Aliyah Madrasah has been
running in accordance with procedures and in accordance with applicable standards, namely
referring to e-RKAM. Evaluation and accountability of the quality of madrasah, obtained the
calculation result of tcalculate of -1.508 which means smaller than ttable = 1.653, then the
Quality-Based Private Madarasah Aliyah Education Financing Management
https://injurity.pusatpublikasi.id/index.php/in
517
calculation of significance value = 0.133 which means greater than α = 0.05. This shows that
evaluation and accountability do not have a significant effect on the quality of madrasahs.
Evaluation and reporting of accountability is very important, to measure the level of success
and convey accountability from the results of activities that have been carried out as a form of
transparent and accountable education implementation.
REFERENCES
Maulana, A., Dian, D., & Jahari, J. (2020). Implementasi Manajemen Mutu Pendidikan Di
Madrasah Swasta. AL MA’ARIEF : Jurnal Pendidikan Sosial Dan Budaya, 1(2), 134–141.
https://doi.org/10.35905/almaarief.v1i2.1109
Mesiono*, Suswanto, Rahmat Rifai Lubis, H. (2021). Manajemen Pembiayaan Pendidikan
dalam Meningkatkan Mutu Pendidikan di Madrasah Aliyah Imam Muslim Serdang
Bedagai. INTIQAD: Jurnal Agama Dan Pendidikan Islam, 13(1).
Mesiono, M., & Roslaeni, R. (2021). Model-Model Pembiayaan Pendidikan (Analisis
Efektivitas Dan Efisiensi Dalam Institusi Pendidikan). Jurnal Bilqolam Pendidikan Islam,
2(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.51672/jbpi.v2i1.10
Muchtar, A., & Sukardi, I. (2023). Manajemen Mutu Madrasah Aliyah Swasta Di Pondok
Pondok Pesantren ( Studi kasus pada Madrasah Aliyah Al-Ikhlas Pemetung Basuki ,
Madrasah Aliyah Nurul Huda Sukaraja dan Madrasah Aliyah Sidogede di Kabupaten
OKU Timur ). 10(1), 39–49.
Mushthofa, A., Munastiwi, E. Dinana, A. (2022). Manajemen pembiayaan pendidikan berbasis
bebas sumbangan pembinaan pendidikan. Jurnal Akuntabilitas Manajemen Pendidikan,
10(No. 1), 64–76.
Musthafa, L. A.-H. (2017). Model pembiayaan pendidikan Madrasah Aliyah Swasta (Studi di
Madrasah Aliyah Mu’allimin Mu’allimat Muhammadiyah Garut). Journal of Islamic
Education, 2(2), 228.
Nafisah, D., Widiyanto, , & Sakitri, W. (2019). Manajemen Pembiayaan Pendidikan Di
Madrasah Aliyah. Economic Education Analysis Journal, 1(1), 1–9.
Nurhamzah. (2020). Model Konseptual Manajemen Pembiayaan Pendidikan Berbasis
Mutu di Pesantren. Jurnal Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, 5(2), 139.
Nurhayati, N., Nasir, M., Mukti, A., Safri, A., & Hasibuan, L. (2022). Meningkatkan Mutu
Lembaga Pendidikan Islam. 3(2), 594–601.
Nurodin, A., & Minhajul K, I. (2019). Implikasi Peran Manajemen Pembiayaan Madrasah
Terhadap Kegiatan Ekstrakurikuler Keagamaan MTs. As-Sawiyah Kab. Bandung. Jurnal
Isema : Islamic Educational Management, 4(2), 267–276.
https://doi.org/10.15575/isema.v4i2.5566
Nusa, P. & Hendarman. (2013). Mixed Method Research Metode Riset Campur Sari
Konsep, Strategi dan Aplikasi. Jakarta: PT. Indeks.
Panuntun, S. (2018). Melalui Pengelolaan Pembiayaan Pendidikan Improving Quality of
Education At Madrasah. Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan, 06(2), 86–102.
Pohan, M. (2023). Manajemen Pembiayaan Pendidikan dalam Peningkatan Mutu Lulusan
Quality-Based Private Madarasah Aliyah Education Financing Management
https://injurity.pusatpublikasi.id/index.php/in
518
pada Madrasah Tsanawiyah. 1(1), 40–50. https://doi.org/10.32939/ljmpi.v1i1.2461
Rumi, S. R., Azma, A., & Hamka, H. (2022). Implementasi Manajemen Pembiayaan Berbasis
Mutu Pendidikan di Madrasah Tsanawiyah Negeri 2 Kota Palu. Prosiding Kajian Islam
Dan Integrasi Ilmu Di Era Society (KIIIES) 5.0, 1, 374–379.
Sugiyono. (2017). Metode Penelitian Kombinasi (mixed methods). Bandung:
ALFABETA
Copyright holders:
Fachmi Farhan, Jaja Jahari, Erni Hayati, Ara Hudayat (2023)
First publication right:
Injurity - Interdiciplinary Journal and Humanity
This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0
International
